Хевронское стекло




Недавно услышала выражение "хевронское стекло", и очень захотелось выяснить что же это такое. Обширный поиск в Интернете толком ничего не дал: упоминаний много, но большей частью общие слова, типа "испокон веков Хеврон славится своим стеклом...". Почти ничего не сказано о происхождении и истории этого промысла.
Кое-какую подборку цитат и ссылок всё-же собрала.







*** Hebron is world famous for its glass blowers and distinctive royal blue glass production. The three most accessible factories are all located at the north entrance to Hebron coming from Jerusalem on Ein-Sara Street, the main through-road in Hebron. Visit any of the factories to see the traditional glass-blowers at work. At each site, the adjoining shops offer an amazing collection of plates, glasses, bowls etc in every shape and colour imaginable. (http://www.israworld.com/cities/heb/HEBWHAT.HTM)


*** The royal blue glass produced in the city is perhaps the most recognisable in the entire Middle East, but Hebron glass blowers also create items in many other beautyful colors. Glasses creation in deep amber, rich burgundy, and verdant green adorne the shelves of many Hebron glass blowers. (http://www.palestine.hu/center6e1-8.html)





*** The trade of the town is much the same as in all Arab countries. The comparative fertility of the soil and an abundance of water contribute to increase this trade, which consists mainly in the making of goat-skin water bags, jars, and especially glass ware for which, for centuries, Hebron has used a soda extracted from the trans-Jordan regions. (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07184a.htm)





*** Glass making - the specially of Hebron - was also overtaken by the competition of imported glassware, and the craftsmen turned instead to making vases, beads, bracelets, flower pots and cups for tourists. Before World war 1, however, Hebron glass had been popular in the domestic market and was exported to Syria, Egypt, Turkey and even as far afield as Rumania. There were said to have been seven factories. Methods of production remained simple: the combination of local sand and an alkali. Hebron glass was also distinctively colored, mostly in blue, green and brown, using lead, copper and magnesium oxides. (http://www.prc.org.uk/palestine%2048/industrys.html)

А вот любопытно:

*** Hebron Glassware is handblown and handpainted. Originally made from sand, it is now largely made from recycling old bottles. (http://www.holylandglassware.com/)





О хевронском производстве бусин:

*** It became one of the few remaining heirs of the great Middle Eastern glass bead industry and for centuries furnished the Muslim world with small glass objects including, "Coarse glass beads...called Hersh and Munjir" (Browne 1799:303).
The beads were made of opaque glass (I suspect they used salt from the Dead Sea for their alkali) in yellow and green and less often blue, black and white.
They were wound directly at the furnace, the oldest way to make glass beads.
The Mongur (Munjir) are the large ones, while the Harish (Hersh) are smaller. They were very widespread. They went to Egypt and from there up the Nile and into the Sudan and beyond. This Harish was found at El Mina, Ghana. (Дальше на http://www.thebeadsite.com/MG4-1.htm)





Загадка происхождения

На русских сайтах обычно говориться, что секрет изготовления хевронского стекла был вывезен из итальянского города Мурано (вот, например http://www.goldenl.ru/israel/israel_culture.html).

В статье о Хевроне в энциклопедии Y-net (на иврите) сказано, что в 16 веке в Хевроне был еврейский квартал. В городе жили евреи из Венеции, занимавшиеся производством стекла. (http://www.ynet.co.il/yaan/0,7340,L-13090,00.html)

Но вот имеет ли более поздний арабский промысел отношение к тому еврейскому стеклянному производству 16 века?

И напоследок. На сайте http://www.glasswork.ne.jp/jerusalem/content02.html есть две панорамы - Чигули на хевронской стеклянной фабрике (нужен Quicktime).


Буду рада любым дополнениям, прояснениям или новым ссылкам.

(Фотографии собраны с разных сайтов)